What distinguishes CBTC from non-CBTC yard territory?

The distinction between CBTC (Communication-Based Train Control) and non-CBTC yard territory can be clearly identified by the way trains operate in different modes. In CBTC systems, trains often operate under automated control with continuous communication with the infrastructure regarding their position and speed, which enhances efficiency and safety.

In contrast, in non-CBTC yard territory, trains operate in yard mode under the engineer's control. This means that the engineer manually manages the train's movements rather than relying on automated systems. The engineer is responsible for controlling the train's speed, stopping conditions, and adherence to safety protocols, which is fundamental in yard operations where handling may involve complex maneuvers and interactions with other rolling stock or personnel.

The other options do not encapsulate the essence of the functional differences between CBTC and non-CBTC environments as effectively. Trains operating under a dispatcher (first option) can occur in both systems, as dispatching is a broader practice. The assertion that a train uses no signaling system (third option) is inaccurate because both CBTC and non-CBTC systems utilize signaling, although their methods differ. Finally, in yard operations, speed controls are indeed applicable, making the last choice misleading. Thus, the correct identification of yard mode under engineer's